As entrepreneurship is effected by a lot of enviromental factors, gender is one of this factors. The aim of this study, identify whether there is a differentiation about entrepreneurship features according to gender or not. In this context, the survey form that measure entrepreneurship features is used in study. In this manner, the obtaining datas are analyzed and results are exposed. According to the result of this study; it is seen that male and female entrepreneurs' some features are similar and some of these are different in study sample. It is understood that taking risk, vision, high achievement motivation and communication skill which are related to entrepreneurship features did not differ by gender. On the other hand, it is seen that significant differences were found in terms of gender about some entrepreneurship features which are self-confidence, tolerance to uncertainty, independence, evaluation of opportunities, innovation, stability, leadership direction and internal control specifications.

In this study, it is searched the impact of project consultancy services on utility of fund amount allocated under IPARD. After the CoM Decision taken by the EC in August 2011, the ARDSI was carried out 6 calls for application and issued the list of contracted projects for the first three calls for application by May 2012. 4 out of 41 applications for the first call, 58 out of 207 application for the second, 99 out of 150 application for the third call for application were contracted. The rate of counsultancy within project application number and number of contracted projects at the three call for applications were determined as 85,3 % and 75 %; 67,6 % and 70,6 %; 70,7 % and 70,7% respectively. Although the contracting rate has gradually increased, it is seen that this rate is not satisfied because of some problems. In addition, two different questionnaires were assessed to determine the role of project counsultancy services and also statistical analyses were performed between some parameters. As a result, counsultancy service was performed by counsultant firms ( 59 %). Also, it is seen that the most of contracted projects were prepared by the consultancy firms (92,7 %).

This study includes 18 companies being traded in Metal Products, Mach Index in Borsa İstanbul and the data of 2000-2012 period regarding these companies. The studied period is analyzed in the scope of the crises occur in 2001 and 2008. The crises are handled as crisis period, before crisis period and after crisis period, and the findings are evaluated by year. In the study, the financial performance of the companies are detected, and it is tried to determine how the financial crises affect this performance. To determine the financial performance, TOPSIS, the method of deciding with many criteria, is used. Regarding the analyses, the most stable company is Federal Mogul İzmit Piston and Pim Üretim Tesisleri A.Ş. Fluctuations are detected in the financial performance points of 2000-2012 period and in parallel with these in the rating system. Also, fragility, come up with 2008 crisis, is lower relatively 2001 crisis.

This study argues the role of science in the field of environmental policy in terms of the authority of science. The study utilizes the conceptual model developed by van den Hove, which frames science - policy interfaces as outputs of science, its processes, actors and its context, to point out arguments for and against the authority of science in environmental governance. The study suggests that cognitive and moral authority of science which is based on an idealized image of science (academic science or mode 1) has become controversial in environmental policy as well as other fields of public policy because of the emergence of post academic science or mode 2.

Agricultural activities are the subject of biological assets and agricultural products. Biological transformation of biological assets and agricultural products makes it important to have the issue of accounting and valuation of agricultural activities. TMS 41 Agriculture Activities Standard considers this specialities of living animals and determines the principles of accounting and valuation. In this study, Turkey Accounting Standards 41: within the framework of Agricultural activities standard it has been given place to instructions and examples related with the valuation and accounting of cattle biological assets.

Settlement which is a comprehensive concept including habitation, make residence, location activities. Settlement most known and broadly describes human habitation. Settlement policy is directly related to states’ economic, social, and political systems. So settlement practices with its results are combination of political and spatial regulations related with all fields of social life. In this study, executive organizations of settlement policy in Turkey are explained chronologically in terms of organizational structures and duties which are; Ministry of Population Exchange, Reconstruction and Settlement (Mübadele, İmar ve İskân Vekâleti),Ministry of Interior Affairs (Dâhiliye Vekâleti), Ministry of Health and Social Aid (Sıhhat ve İçtimai Muavenet Vekâleti), The Consolidation of General Directorate of Territory and Settlement and General Directorate of Rural Services (Toprak ve İskân İşleri Genel Müdürlüklerinin Birleştirilmesi ve Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü) , Ministry of Public Works and Settlement (Bayındırlık ve İskân Bakanlığı,) Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı).

Increase in the woman labor, double career families, competition in the business world and the technological developments made it necessary to work on work-life balance and the role of leadership in this process. Research point out that when the employees have a satisfactory balance between the work and life domains, their work related well being levels increase. In this study, the role of work-life balance in the relationship between paternalistic leadership and work related well being is examined. Data were collected from 210 white color employees via survey method. Results made an important contrubition to an untouched field besides showing the costless way of establishing work-life balance to the managers.

Analytic Hierarchy Process and Analytic Network Process are common multi criteria decision-making methods. Analytic Hierarchy Process identifies the degree of importance of effective decision making criteria and ranks decision alternatives by making pairwise comparisons. Analytic Network Process, however, identifies the relationship and its direction between the criteria and the alternatives in order to solve problems in a network. In this study, Analytic Hierarchy Process and Analytic Network Process methods have been used to identify and compare the criteria along with their importance degree that is important for academic staff to choose online shopping websites. Four primary criteria; positive attributes, negative attributes, payment options and range of products have been determined for the selection of online shopping websites. While the most important criteria for the Analytic Network Process method has been found as the ‘range of products’, ‘positive attributes’ has been the most important criteria for Analytic Hierarchy Process. The first alternative website has been found as the first choice for both methods.

A large number of researchers in the literature analyzed the relationship between budget deficit and current account deficit. The expression of the twin deficits hypothesis, there is a casual relationship between budget deficit and current account deficit. Classical, Keynesian and Monetarist approaches are different from each others. The aim of this study, presence of the twin deficits hypothesis in Poland, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Turkey to evaluate the scope of the six emerging market economies. The analyzed countries and Turkey's economy due to similar levels of development and balance of payments imbalances, showing economic fragility.In study we examined 1995-2010 period budget deficit and current account deficit. Whether support the existence twin deficits hypothesis. First generation unit root tests and second generation unit root tests support the stationary of panel data series. Empirical results of model show that there is no twin deficits existence on these emerging market economies.

The global financial crisis has effected both developed and developing counrties in different shapes. When the crisis in the developed countries needs to be deep and hardest process, in the developing countries problems has been again because of the developed countries. The developed countries, financial expansion policy has corrupted the developing countries financial permanency. According to this corruption the developing countries have developed monetary policy tools by own. This works aim to determine the emergence procedure mixed monetary policy; the progress at the time of appliance and the results of our country which is the developing countries category since end of the 2010. Firstly for this purpose, observation method has been made hanging on Turkish Central Bank’s resource. Altough the policy mixed history is short it has been determined that it has been succesfull at the present days results.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the export-led growth hypothesis for non export oil 27 Asian countries including Turkey by using panel cointegration and panel causality technique for the period 1994-2010. In the two different models, it was estimated impact of exports and gross fixed capital formation on GDP and non-export GDP. As a result, the empirical analysis implies unidirectional causal relationship from exports and gross fixed capital formation to GDP in both short and long-term. In other words, the findings support the export-led growth model for 27 Asian countries including Turkey.

The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between four different educational levels of employment and productivity per employee in Turkey over 2000:1-2013:1 by using quarterly data. Four educational variables (unlettered, below high school, all high school level, and higher education) of employment were regressed over GDP per employee using ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) bounds testing approach. Our main result suggests that there exist cointegrating relationships between unlettered and high school levels of education and the GDP per employee, but no relation with below high school and higher education levels. High school has positive impact on GDP per employee while unlettered has negative.

European integration process has reached stage of economic and monetary union nowadays. European Union met European Exchange-Rate Mechanism crisis and the ongoing Eurozone sovereign debt crisis during this integration process. Although European Exchange-Rate Mechanism Crisis is a currency crisis which arose from a speculative attacks to foreign exchange rates and Eurozone Sovereign Debt Crisis is a debt crisis which has arisen from the negative effects of Global Financial Crisis, differences in development levels and competitiveness of member countries have significant influence on both crises’ developing. This study firstly examines historical development of European integration, European Exchange-Rate Mechanism Crisis and Eurozone Sovereign Debt Crisis and then conducts a comparative analysis on the causes of Eurozone Sovereign Debt Crisis and European Exchange-Rate Mechanism Crisis and effects of these crises on economies of the member countries by using the data obtained from the Statistical Office of European Union and World Bank. We find that differences in development and competitiveness of economies of the member countries and the problems in the coordination of economic policies are major causes of both crisis and the Eurozone Sovereign Debt Crisis relative to the and European Exchange-Rate Mechanism Crisis caused more economic contraction and more increases in the unemployment in the member countries.

The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between four different educational levels of employment and productivity per employee in Turkey over 2000:1-2013:1 by using quarterly data. Four educational variables (unlettered, below high school, all high school level, and higher education) of employment were regressed over GDP per employee using ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) bounds testing approach. Our main result suggests that there exist cointegrating relationships between unlettered and high school levels of education and the GDP per employee, but no relation with below high school and higher education levels. High school has positive impact on GDP per employee while unlettered has negative.

The organization of seasonal workers is composed of the individuals, who do not generally have any jobs and social securities and can work at different times and different places. Being one of the best examples of open system, they have an authoritarian-hierarchical structure. In this study, the aim is to establish the effects of internal and external factors on the performance of the workers working in these seasonal organizations. Considering this purpose, a study about workers working at board hazaenut plantations was performed. As a result of the observations, workers' performance associated with two main factors and sixteen subtype factors containing eight internal and eight external factors. As a result of correlational and regressional analyses, a significant relationship was obtained between internal and external factors, and workers' performance.

Considering Turkey’s current position and future goals, to remain competitive in the international markets, consumer attitude towards Turkish products should be understood. This study aims to increase available knowledge about factors which contribute to attitude of consumers at international market towards products produced in Turkey. Fort his aim, the study focuses on analyzing the effect of Turkey image of consumers in German market, one of the most important foreign markets for Turkey, and consumer ethnocentric tendency on their intention of purchasing Turkish goods. Within this scope, a survey study was carried out on 405 consumers in 4 different cities of Germany. Analyses revealed that the beliefs of German consumers about development level and labor quality of Turkey influence their attitude towards Turkish products. Results also show that German consumers who have high ethnocentric tendency make rather negative evaluations about workmanship, design, durability of Turkish goods. All findings of study were discussed in details and suggestions were provided for future studies.

After the 1929 Great Depression, the long accepted liberal economic policies began to be questioned. The Crisis gave rise to radical changes in the economic policies of different countries. Meanwhile, inspired by planned economies, Turkey attempted to carry out “etatist” economic policies intensively between 1929 and 1939. The fact that the Turkish economy expanded even during the years of Crisis, mainly due to these economic policies peculiar to Turkey, signifies the magnitude of research topic. The study, thus aims to bring into light the views leading to the implementation of the statist economic policies in Turkey as well as the the enforcement of these policies and the outcome thereof.

Borrowing is one of the applied ways to supply the financing needs of the state. The state provides borrowing from its sources such as supplies foreign sources. In particular, after the middle of 1980s it is remarkable that mainly it is resorted to sources of the country for the financing of public deficits in Turkish economy. However, the form of the borrowing affects some macroeconomic variables. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible relationship between domestic borrowing/ The Gross Domestic Product and inflation rate with modern time series analysis for the period of 1998-2012 in Turkey. In this study, unit root tests ve Granger causality analysis are used. As a result, it is found that there is bidirectional causality between domestic borrowing / The Gross Domestic Product and inflation rate in Turkey.

Technological knowledge has been the base of new economy, sustainable economic growth and international competition. The technological knowledge which is developed as a result of Research and Development (R&D) activities has an important role in economic growth by spreading through the entire economy. Increasing R&D expenditures makes it possible to make use of new technologies in production process and as a result of this, increase in productivity, cost and price advantages are ensured. It has become a subject of curiosity whether or not these benefits which are obtained from the increasing importance of R&D activities have an impact on firms’ sales revenues and profit figures. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of firm R&D expenditures on firm sales revenues, and also to assess the efficiency of net profits on R&D expenses by using dynamic panel data model. For this purpose, the data which were obtained from 29 companies having operations in R&D activities in Gaziantep from 2005 to 2010 has been analyzed. The findings of the research indicate that there is a positive relationship between R&D expenditures and the net sales revenues, net profits and R&D expenditures.

In order to explain the complex relations between environment and economy, there has been intense efforts in recent years. Some of these efforts aim to reveal the change, which occurs upon income and environment as a result of the economic activities. Demonsrating the enviromental degradation as a result at production and comsumption and concentration of particulate matter, which is one of the parameters of air pollution has a relation with GDP per capita, which is one of economic indicators, and this relation is inevitable. In this respect in the study, on the basis of cities in Turkey, using the particuler matter concentrations with the istatistics of per capita income of these cities, cities are clustered and relationship between per capita income with the particuler matter concentrations are determined on the basis of the cities.